Methods for improving printed media self-servo writing

ABSTRACT

Methods in accordance with the present invention can be applied to improve printed media self-servo writing by reducing PES noise and SAM error-rate at an outer diameter of a reference surface of a disk. In one such method, a template pattern having zig-bursts within a servo wedge describing radial positioning that are replaced by pulses at an inner diameter of the reference surface such that head skew at the inner diameter is a limiting factor for pattern frequency at the inner diameter, can be printed or otherwise written to a reference surface of the disk. A hard disk drive can then be assembled with the disk and a servo pattern can be written based on the template pattern for each surface of the disk. Other features, aspects, and objects of the invention can be obtained from a review of the specification, the figures, and the claims.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to rotatable media data storage devices,as for example optical or magnetic hard disk drive technology, and servotechnology for rotatable media data storage devices.

BACKGROUND

A hard disk drive typically contains one or more disks clamped to arotating spindle, at least one head for reading data from and/or writingdata to the surfaces of each disk, and an actuator utilizing linear orrotary motion for positioning the head(s) over selected data tracks onthe disk(s). A rotary actuator is a complex assembly that couples aslider on which a head is attached or integrally formed to a pivot pointthat allows the head to sweep across a surface of a rotating disk. Aservo system uses positioning data read by the head from the disk todetermine the position of the head on the disk. In common servo schemes,positioning data can be included in servo wedges, each comprising servopatterns. Servo wedges can be written to each disk using a media writer,prior to assembly of the hard disk drive. Alternatively, a referencesurface of one disk can be used to write servo wedges on blanks diskssubstituted for media-written disks in an assembled hard disk drive.

The reference surface can include a template pattern containinginformation for writing servo patterns on the surfaces of the disks. Thetemplate pattern typically includes timing bursts, or pulses, defininginformation. Chevrons can be incorporated into template patterns toindicate radial positioning of the head. The maximum frequency of thetemplate pattern can be constrained by a combination of factors,including the minimum available feature-size of the pattern elements,the angle of the chevrons and an orientation of the head at the innerdiameter of the disk. A low frequency template pattern may introducemore written-in runout when writing servo patterns than a templatepattern having a higher frequency. The performance of a hard disk drivemay be adversely affected by an increased amount of written-in runoutcontained in a servo pattern.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Further details of embodiments of the present invention are explainedwith the help of the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an exemplary hard disk drive for applyingembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a partial detailed view of a disk from the hard disk driveshown in FIG. 1 having a final servo pattern;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a rotary actuator of the hard disk drive ofFIG. 1 positioned over a reference surface of a disk having a templatepattern;

FIG. 4A illustrates a portion of a wedge from a template pattern notincorporating head skew;

FIG. 4B illustrates a portion of a wedge from a template patternincorporating non-zero head skew; and

FIG. 5 illustrates the portion of FIG. 4A including a portion of amarker-zone in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an exemplary hard disk drive 100 forapplying a method in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The hard disk drive 100 includes a housing 102 comprising ahousing base 104 and a housing cover 106. The housing base 104illustrated is a base casting, but in other embodiments a housing base104 can comprise separate components assembled prior to, or duringassembly of the hard disk drive 100. A disk 120 is attached to arotatable spindle motor 122, for example by clamping, and the spindlemotor 122 is connected with the housing base 104. The disk 120 can bemade of a light aluminum alloy, ceramic/glass or other suitablesubstrate, with magnetizable material deposited on one or both sides ofthe disk. The magnetic layer has tiny domains of magnetization forstoring data transferred through heads 146. In one embodiment, each head146 is a magnetic transducer adapted to read data from and write data tothe disk 120. The disk can be rotated at a constant or varying ratetypically ranging from less than 3,600 to more than 15,000 RPM (speedsof 4,200 and 5,400 RPM are common in hard disk drives designed formobile devices such as laptop computers). The invention described hereinis equally applicable to technologies using other media, as for example,optical media. Further, the invention described herein is equallyapplicable to devices having any number of disks attached to the hub ofthe spindle motor. In other embodiments, the head 146 includes aseparate read element and write element. For example, the separate readelement can be a magneto-resistive head, also known as a MR head. Itwill be understood that multiple head 146 configurations can be used.

A rotary actuator 130 is pivotally mounted to the housing base 104 by abearing 132 and sweeps an arc between an inner diameter (ID) of the diskand a ramp 130 positioned near an outer diameter (OD) of the disk 108.Attached to the housing 104 are upper and lower magnet return plates 110and at least one magnet that together form the stationary portion of avoice coil motor (VCM) 112. A voice coil 134 is mounted to the rotaryactuator 130 and positioned in an air gap of the VCM 112. The rotaryactuator 130 pivots about the bearing 132 when current is passed throughthe voice coil 134 and pivots in an opposite direction when the currentis reversed, allowing for precise positioning of the head 146 along theradius of the disk 120. The VCM 112 is coupled with a servo system (notshown) that uses positioning data read by the head 146 from the disk 120to determine the position of the head 146 over tracks on the disk 120.The servo system determines an appropriate current to drive through thevoice coil 134, and drives the current through the voice coil 134 usinga current driver and associated circuitry (not shown).

Each side of a disk 120 can have an associated head 146, and the heads146 are collectively coupled to the rotary actuator 130 such that theheads 146 pivot in unison. The invention described herein is equallyapplicable to devices wherein the individual heads separately move somesmall distance relative to the actuator. This technology is referred toas dual-stage actuation (DSA).

One type of servo system is a sectored, or embedded, servo system inwhich tracks on all disk surfaces contain small segments of servo dataoften referred to as servo wedges or servo sectors. Each track cancontain an equal number of servo wedges, spaced relatively evenly aroundthe circumference of the track. Hard disk drive designs have beenproposed having different numbers of servo wedges on different tracks,and such hard disk drive designs could also benefit from the inventioncontained herein.

FIG. 2 shows a portion of a disk 120 having at least one servo wedge262. Each servo wedge 262 includes information stored as regions ofmagnetization or other indicia, such as optical indicia. A servo wedge262 can be longitudinally magnetized (for example, in the magnifiedportion of FIG. 2 a servo pattern 270 includes grey blocks magnetized tothe left and white spaces magnetized to the right, or vice-versa) oralternatively perpendicularly magnetized (i.e. the grey blocks aremagnetized up and the white spaces are magnetized down, or vice-versa).Servo patterns 270 contained in each servo wedge 262 are read by thehead 146 as the surface of the spinning disk 120 passes under the head146. The servo patterns 270 can include information identifying a datasector contained in a data field 264. For example, the servo pattern 270can include a servo address mark (SAM), track identification, etc.Further, information included in the servo patterns 270 can be used togenerate a position error signal (PES) to correct off-track deviations.The magnified portion of FIG. 2 illustrates one track following schemein which track following signals are recorded in bursts 268 arranged infour columns (labeled A-burst through D-burst) allowing for a quadraturePES. The radial density of servo bursts 268 as shown is greater than theradial density of data tracks by a factor of 1.5, however in otherembodiments, the ratio of the radial densities of bursts 268 and datatracks can be greater or less than 1.5. For example, the radial densityof bursts 268 can be the same as the radial density of data tracks.

In the data track following scheme shown, centerlines 266 of data tracksare alternately defined by boundaries between bursts from columns A andB, and boundaries between bursts from columns C and D. If the head 146remains centered over a target data track centerline 266, a PES of zerois calculated and no change in position is required. As the path of thehead 146 deviates from the target data track centerline 266, adifference in the relative amplitudes of successive burst signals 268 isdetected by a disk controller (not shown), a PES is calculated, and anappropriate actuation current is applied to the voice coil 134, causingthe rotary actuator 130 to reposition the head 146. The scheme describedabove is only one of many possible schemes for positioning the head.Hard disk drives using most (if not all) possible PES schemes couldbenefit from the invention contained herein.

Servo patterns 270 can be written to the disks 120 using a media writer,prior to assembly of the hard disk drive 100. Stacks of disks 120 can beloaded onto the media writer and servo patterns 270 can be carefullywritten onto the surface of each disk 120, a time consuming and costlyprocess. Alternatively, a commonly less time-consuming and lessexpensive method can include writing servo patterns or template patternson a reference surface of a single blank disk to be used as a referencefor self-servo writing unwritten (and written) surfaces of one or moredisks 120 of an assembled hard disk drive 100.

In one such self-servo writing method, called printed-media self-servowriting (PM-SSW), a coarse magnetic template pattern can be transferredto a single disk surface (a reference surface) by magnetic printing. Amagnetic printing station can be used to magnetically print or otherwisetransfer a template pattern using a known transfer technique. One suchtransfer technique is described in “Printed Media Technology for anEffective and Inexpensive Servo Track Writing of HDDs” by Ishida, et al.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 37, No. 4, July 2001. A blank disk(the reference surface) is DC erased along the circumferential directionof the disk by rotating a permanent magnet block on the disk surface. Atemplate, or “master”, disk is then aligned with the blank disk and thetwo disks are securely faced with each other by evacuating the airbetween the two disk surfaces through a center hole in the blank disk.An external DC field is applied again in the same manner as in the DCerasing process, but with an opposite polarity.

In an alternative transfer technique a unidirectional magnetic domainorientation is applied to the blank disk. A reticle or magnetic diehaving a template pattern is aligned with, and placed in close proximitywith the blank disk, and the blank disk is heated to approach the Curietemperature of the magnetic layer on the reference surface of the blankdisk. The reference surface of the blank disk is then selectivelymagnetized in accordance with the template pattern of the reticle or dieby a reverse bias field. Where an optical reticle is used, intense localheating through reticle apertures may be obtained from a laser beam, forexample. A number of different transfer techniques exist, and theexamples provided are not intended to be exhaustive. One of ordinaryskill in the art can appreciate the different methods for transferring atemplate pattern to a reference surface.

FIG. 3 illustrates a reference surface having a magnetically printedtemplate pattern 380 usable for PM-SSW. The template pattern 380 can bedivided into a number of pattern wedges 360 equivalent to the number ofservo wedges 262 intended for the final servo pattern 270, and printedsuch that the pattern wedges 360 trace an arc approximately matching thearcing sweep of the head 146 from the ID 324 a to the OD 324 b asdescribed above. In other embodiments, the template pattern 380 can havefewer or more pattern wedges 360 than intended servo wedges 262.Further, the pattern wedges 360 need not be printed having arc.

The template pattern 380 can comprise clocking and, optionally, radialposition information. A completed and enclosed hard disk drive 100 canbe assembled comprising at least one disk 120 having a referencesurface, and optionally one or more blank disks. The template pattern380 can be used by the hard disk drive electronics to self-write highlyresolved product embedded servo patterns 270 onto storage surfaces ofeach disk 120, including the reference surface having the templatepattern 380.

When a disk 120 having a reference surface is removed from a magneticprinting station and connected with a spindle 122, a shift typicallyoccurs between the axis of rotation and the center of tracks of thetemplate pattern 380. The shift is attributable to machining tolerancesof the spindle and magnetic printing station, as well as othervariables. The track followed by the head 146 can be displaced laterallyin a sinusoidal fashion relative to the head 146 as the disk 120rotates. This sinusoidal displacement is typically referred to aseccentricity. Firmware executed by the hard disk drive 100 and the harddisk drive electronics enable the head 146 positioned over the referencesurface to follow and read the template pattern 380 and enable each ofthe heads 146 to write precise final servo patterns 270 on each of therespective surfaces of each disk 120. The hard disk drive 100 cancompensate for eccentricity, writing tracks that are nominallyconcentric with the center of rotation of the spindle, or alternatively,having some built-in eccentricity as defined by the firmware, forexample. A final servo pattern 270 can be written to the referencesurface in any sequence, i.e. prior to, subsequent to, orcontemporaneously with writing final servo patterns on some or all ofthe other surfaces. The final servo patterns can be writtencontemporaneously to reduce servo write times, and the final servopatterns 270 can be written between pattern wedges 360 of the templatepattern 380. The template pattern 380 is overwritten either during theself-servo writing process or by user data. For example during hard diskdrive 100 testing data is written to the data fields 264 and read backto test the data fields 264.

Printing techniques can produce template patterns of relatively lowfrequency. A low frequency template pattern 380 can cause relativelyhigh PES noise and a high SAM error-rate. High PES noise can introducean unacceptable level of written-in runout when writing servo wedges262. The low frequency template pattern 380 can result in part becauseof feature-size limitations of the lithographic process used to make areticle or magnetic die, which currently limits features to a minimumlateral dimension of approximately 0.5 μm. However, the maximumfrequency of the template pattern 380 is constrained by a combination offactors, and can be expressed by the equation$f_{\max} = {\frac{2\pi\quad R_{ID}f_{spin}}{2\Delta}\cos\quad( {\theta_{s} + \theta_{c}} )}$where Δ is the minimum feature size, f_(spin) is the spin speed of thedisk, R_(ID) is the ID radius of the printed pattern, θ_(c) is chevronangle of the template pattern (where chevron angles are incorporatedinto the template pattern), and θ_(s) is head skew at the ID. Theorientation of the head 146 can have varying skew relative to a radialline from the center of the disk. Head skew results at least partiallyfrom the arc swept by the head 146 as it moves over the surface (asdescribed above).

FIG. 4A illustrates a template pattern 380 as shown in FIG. 3, includingbursts (“pulses”) 484, and chevrons (“zig-bursts” 486 and “zag-bursts”488), wherein the head skew is idealized to be zero. The pulses 484include timing information for writing servo patterns, for example thepulses 484 can describe a crude SAM or an index mark. Chevrons 486,488can be incorporated into the template pattern 380 to help identifyradial positioning. A portion of the chevron, the chevron cycle, isconverted into radial positioning information as the chevron passesbeneath the head 146. Each chevron cycle provides only positioninginformation along the width of the chevron cycle w_(c), and cannotcommunicate absolute radial position. Where the head skew is zero, bothchevrons 486,488 equally limit the maximum allowed frequency becauseeach chevron 486,488 is tilted by an equal amount relative to a radialline from the center of the disk 120. However, most of the templatepattern 380 is oriented or follows an arc to match the sweep of the head146 across the surface.

FIG. 4B illustrates a template pattern 380 wherein the pulses 484 andchevrons 486,488 are tilted an amount equal to an angle formed betweenthe head 146 and a radial line from the center of the disk 120 (the headskew, θ_(s)). By incorporating head skew into the template pattern 380,the head 146 can be positioned parallel to transitions between domainsof magnetization of the pulses 484, thereby maximizing signal amplitude.In a template pattern 380 having zig-bursts 486 and zag-bursts 488oriented as shown in FIG. 4B, at the ID (where the head skew isnon-zero) the zig-burst 486 can have more tilt relative to the radialline than the zag-burst 488. The difference in tilt between thezig-burst 486 and the zag-burst 488 is equivalent to twice the chevronangle. The minimum allowable effective bit-length of the zig-bursts 486(i.e. twice circumferential extent of the domain of magnetization readby the head 146 as the disk 120 passes beneath the head 146) isincreased at the ID according to the following equation:$w_{zig} = \frac{\Delta}{\cos\quad( {\theta_{s} + \theta_{c}} )}$while the minimum allowable effective bit-length of the zag-bursts 488is decreased according to the equation:$w_{zag} = \frac{\Delta}{\cos\quad( {\theta_{s} - \theta_{c}} )}$The differences between the minimum allowable bit-lengths of these threeportions translate into different minimum allowable cycle-times for theportions. Because it is desired to maintain a single signal frequencyfor the pulses, the zig-bursts, and the zag-bursts, the large effectivecycle-time of the zig-bursts 486 limits the pattern frequency.

In other embodiments of the template pattern 380, the zig-bursts 486 andzag-bursts 488 can be inverted such that the zig-bursts 486 incorporatea negative chevron angle relative to the radial line, and the zag-bursts488 incorporate a positive chevron angle relative to the radial line(such that the bursts shown in FIG. 4A form upside down “V”'s). Wherethe template pattern 380 is inverted, the effective cycle-time of thezig-bursts 486 decreases at the ID as the angle of the zig-bursts 486decreases by the head skew, while the effective cycle-time of thezag-bursts 488 increases at the ID as the angle of the zag-bursts 488increases by the head skew. Thus, where the template pattern 380 isinverted, the pattern frequency is limited by the zag-bursts 488, ratherthan the zig-bursts 486 as described above. It is to be understood thatembodiments of the invention described herein are equally applicable todifferent template patterns, for example where the zig-bursts 486 andzag-bursts 488 are inverted. Methods in accordance with the presentinvention should therefore be understood to apply to features limitingpattern frequency at the ID in a template pattern.

PES noise is typically much larger at the OD than at the ID,particularly where a servo frequency is maintained as the head 146sweeps across the radius of the disk 120 (sometimes referred to as thestroke of the disk). The greater high-frequency content of the headsignal at the OD (primarily due to the larger linear velocity of themedia there) typically produces pulses with a lower fundamental signallevel (that is, a smaller component of the signal at the fundamentalharmonic frequency) and poorer signal quality. At the ID the pulses 484and chevrons 486,488 have less high-frequency signal content and henceare “cleaner”, which gives a larger fundamental signal amplitude,resulting in lower PES noise.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the present inventioncomprises varying an amount of tilt incorporated into the zig-burst 486portion of the template pattern 380 across the stroke such thatzig-bursts 486 at the OD incorporate more tilt than zig-bursts 486 atthe ID, which can incorporate zero chevron angle, for example.Nominally, the zig-bursts 486 incorporate chevron angle at the ID tomaintain high gain (as described above). Eliminating the chevron anglecomponent decreases the effective bit-length such that$w_{eff} = \frac{\Delta}{\cos\quad( \theta_{s} )}$Thus, varying the angle incorporated into the zig-bursts 486 between theID and OD such that the zig-bursts 486 incorporate head skew, but do notincorporate chevron angle at the ID can permit an increase in themaximum allowable pattern frequency according to the equation:${\%\quad{increase}} = {\lbrack {\frac{\cos\quad( \theta_{s} )}{\cos\quad( {\theta_{s} + \theta_{c}} )} - 1} \rbrack*100}$For example, if the head skew at the ID (θ_(s)) is 10 degrees and thechevron angle (θ_(c)) is 20 degrees, varying the zig-bursts 486 canpermit an increase in the maximum allowable pattern frequency of about14%.

Eliminating the chevron angle for the zig-bursts 486 of the templatepattern 380 shown in FIG. 4B at the ID can decrease the PES gain toapproximately half of the nominal value at the ID (where the nominalvalue incorporates chevron angle). However, the PES noise is nominallylower at the ID than at the OD, and degradation can be acceptable.Because of the higher pattern frequency, PES noise degradation will beless than a factor of two at the ID, and the PES noise at the OD will belower, resulting in a reduction in maximum PES noise of the templatepattern 380. Reducing PES noise can reduce written-in runout whenwriting servo wedges. As described above, for template patterns wherethe chevrons are inverted, zag-bursts 488 at the ID incorporate headskew, but do not incorporate chevron angle, while zig bursts 486incorporate both head skew and chevron angle.

Chevron angle can be incorporated into the zig-bursts 486 along thestroke, either gradually or abruptly. For example, where additionalangle is continuously incorporated into the zig-bursts 486, thezig-bursts 486 can include the head skew at the ID across a portion ofthe stroke. The zig-bursts 486 can incorporate both the head skew andadditional angle along the stroke as the circumference of the portion ofthe disk 120 passing under the head 146 increases. As the circumferenceincreases, the physical size of the domain of magnetization of thepulses (the feature size) increases to maintain a constant patternfrequency. The zig-burst 486 can include a constant feature size withincreasing zig-burst 486 angle such that the effective bit-lengthincreases with increasing circumference to maintain a constant patternfrequency. If the zig-burst 486 feature size is the minimum feature size(i.e. not increasing) for a portion of the stroke, the maximumadditional angle that can be incorporated into the zig-burst 486 withoutdecreasing pattern frequency varies along the stroke according to theequation:$\theta_{x} = {{\cos^{- 1}\lbrack {\frac{R_{ID}}{R_{x}}\cos\quad( \theta_{s} )} \rbrack} - \theta_{s}}$where θ_(x) is the additional angle incorporated at a location x alongthe stroke, and R_(x) is a radial distance from the center of the disk120 at a location x along the stroke. For example, where the radius atthe ID is 14 mm and the maximum head skew at the ID is 10 degrees, at alocation along the stroke 15.75 mm from the center of the disk 120, thezig-bursts 486 can incorporate an additional angle of roughly 19 degreesfor a total angle (head skew+additional angle) of roughly 29 degrees. Inone embodiment, additional angle can be gradually added until theadditional angle is equivalent to the desired chevron angle. Once thechevron angle has been fully incorporated into the zig-bursts 486, theangle of the zig-bursts 486 can continue to vary with the head skewalong the stroke, rather than according to the equation given above.

In an alternative embodiment, the zig-bursts 486 can abruptlyincorporate chevron angle without decreasing pattern frequency at aminimum distance along the stroke according to the equation:$R_{x} = {R_{ID}\frac{\cos\quad( \theta_{s} )}{\cos\quad( {\theta_{sx} + \theta_{c}} )}}$where θ_(sx) is the head skew at a distance x from the center of thedisk 120. The head skew θ_(sx) is a function of the location along thestroke (i.e. the radius of the disk 120 at a distance x from the centerof the disk 120, R_(x)), and an additional equation is required to solvefor the unknowns, θ_(sx) and R_(x). Roughly, in the example above withchevron angle of 20 degrees, maximum head skew of 10 degrees and IDradius of 14 mm, if θ_(sx) is about 8 degrees at 15.6 mm, the equationis satisfied. The chevron angle can be abruptly included in thezig-bursts 486 at least 15.6 mm from the center of the disk 120.

In some embodiments, the template pattern 380 can incorporate pulses 484as “zero-angle” bursts to substitute for zig-bursts 486 in measuringradial position. The zero-angle bursts are not used near the OD, andoptionally are not used at the ID where the zig-bursts 486 areequivalent to zero-angle bursts. The zero-angle bursts substitute forzig-bursts 486 in a region of transition where the zig-burst 486 angleis larger than the head skew, but not as large as the chevron angle withhead skew. In the previous example, where additional angle isincorporated gradually, zero-angle bursts 484 can be substituted for thezig-bursts 486 when the head travels along the stroke from the ID (14 mmfrom the center of the disk 120) until at least 15.6 mm from the centerof the disk 120.

To determine radial positioning along the entire stroke with an accuracywithin a portion of a chevron cycle, a scheme is applied so that wherezero-angle bursts 484 are substituted for zig-bursts 486, a particularformula or parameters for a formula is/are applied specific to the grossradial position of the head 146. The formula can be a simpleproportional formula, for example, or multiple formulas and can bedependent on the chevron cycle count that the head 146 traverses. Toprecisely determine the chevron cycle count, the location of the head146 can be determined relative to a marker-zone written to a portion ofthe printed media pattern

As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the pulses 484 can be multiple, and asshown include six pulses. In one embodiment, one or more of the pulses484 can be used as a marker-zone for gross positioning of the head 146.For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the fourth transition-pair (or“di-bit”) from left to right is written so that the di-bit abruptlydisappears at some radius from the center of the disk 120. At a radiuscloser to the center of the disk 120, the di-bit can abruptly reappearso that the pulse 484 is continued. The interruption in the radialcontinuity of the magnetized pulse 484 can be any length. For example,in one embodiment the interruption can be 200 μm, while in otherembodiments the switch in magnetization can occur once such that asingle marker-zone edge can be encountered by the head 146 as in travelsradially along the stroke.

Signals detected by the head 146 at different radial positions along thestroke as the disk 120 passes beneath the head 146 overlay the pulses484 as traces in FIG. 5. Where the head 146 traverses all six pulses484, for example the top portion of the pulses 484 as illustrated, thedigital detection circuitry detects a digital bit (the digital bit is acombination of an up and a down). Where the head 146 traverses five ofthe pulses 484, for example along the bottom portion of the pulses 484as illustrated, the digital circuitry detects a missing digital bit.Where the head 146 straddles a marker-zone edge, moving radially fromthe pulse 484 to the marker-zone 590 the probability of detecting thedigital bit slowly decreases. Where the head 146 equally straddles thetransition in the digital pattern, the digital bit is half-sized.

Most commonly-used servo demodulation systems determine the digitalcontent of a servo wedge signal by detecting either the presence orabsence of filtered signal pulses at specified times or by detecting thevalue of the filtered signal at specified times. The filter can be alow-pass filter, a high-pass filter, or a combination of the two (i.e.,a band-pass filter). The amplitude of the filtered signal can becalculated and compared to a threshold. The threshold can vary with anaverage amplitude of the filtered signal in the vicinity. The locationalong the stroke where the amplitude no longer exceeds the threshold canbe used as a crude position signal indicating a marker-zone edge. Aradial position of the head 146 can be known within a distance the sizeof the read width of the head 146 by detecting the marker-zone edge. Theread width of the head 146 is much smaller than the width of the chevroncycle w_(c). For example, in one embodiment the width of the chevroncycle is 3 μm. The width of the read head 146 is a small fraction of amicron. Therefore, the chevrons can provide fractional positioning ofthe head 146 relative to the gross positioning provided by themarker-zone edge.

A chevron cycle located at the same radial position as the marker-zoneedge can have a designated cycle count so that the head 146 candetermine radial positioning along the stroke by the cycle count of thechevron over which the head 146 passes. For example, where thedesignated cycle count is 1000, the head 146 can locate the marker-zoneedge when the position of the head 146 is lost, and the radial positionwill be known to be chevron cycle count 1000 (plus a fractional cyclecount based on whatever fractional position is measured from the actualchevron angle).

Use of this scheme can present a problem if the location of themarker-zone edge nearly coincides with an exact integer chevron cyclecount. If one of the chevrons (either the zig-burst 486 or the zag-burst488) has a phase of very nearly zero degrees at the edge of themarker-zone 590, then it can be difficult to decide whether to set theinteger portion of the chevron cycle count to the designated cycle countor one count less than the designated cycle count. Using the examplediscussed above, the designated cycle count for the zig-burst 486 at themarker-zone 590 edge is 1000, while the corresponding designated cyclecount for the zag-burst 488 is −1000. If the measured phase of thezig-burst 486 at the marker-zone 590 edge is very near zero degrees, forthe servo wedge at which the chevron cycle counts are altered to accountfor the known location of the head 146, where the measured phase of thefractional cycle count is slightly more than zero degrees (i.e., a smallpositive phase) the integer portion of the zig-burst 486 cycle count canbe set to 1000, while where the measured phase of the fractional cyclecount is slightly less than 360 degrees (i.e., a small negative phase)the integer portion of the zig-burst 486 cycle count can be set to 999.Thus, a phase of a fractional cycle count near zero degrees (butslightly greater) will result in a total zig-burst 486 cycle count thatis slightly greater than 1000, while a phase of a fractional cycle countnear to 360 degrees (but slightly less) will result in a total zig-burst486 cycle count that is slightly less than 1000. The same reasoning canbe applied to determine the integer portion of the zag-burst 488 cyclecount at the time that both the zig-burst 486 and zag-burst 488 cyclecounts are altered to account for the known location of the head 146.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention caninclude determining fine position along a stroke by detecting amarker-zone edge and measuring the phase of the zig-bursts 486 and/orzag-bursts 488 succeeding the marker-zone edge. A set of criteria can beapplied for determining chevron cycle count. For example, where thephase of the zig-bursts 486 is within the range of 0-269.9999 degrees,the chevron cycle count can be determined to be the designated cyclecount and the fractional measurement (i.e., the phase as a fraction of360 degrees), else the chevron cycle count can be determined to be thedesignated cycle count and the fractional measurement less one count.Thus, in the above example, where the phase is 240 degrees, the chevroncycle count is 1000.6667, and where the phase is 300 degrees, thechevron cycle count is 999.8333.

In another embodiment, a two-step analysis can be applied to determinefine position along the stroke by detecting a marker-zone edge andmeasuring the average phase of the zig-bursts 486 and/or zag-bursts 488succeeding the marker-zone edge from one or more servo wedges anddetermining the proximity of the marker-zone edge to an exact integerchevron cycle count. For example, where the average phase of thezig-bursts 486 is less than 90 degrees or greater than 270 degrees, thetrue phase can be determined to be located in a “near wrap-around” zone,while where the average phase of the zig-bursts 486 is within a range of90 to 270 degrees, the true phase can be determined to be in a “safe”zone. The second step of the analysis differs, depending upon whether ornot the true phase is determined to be in the near wrap-around zone. Foreither case, the phase of a single burst (from a wedge that isdesignated to be the wedge at which the cycle count of both chevrons isadjusted) is measured. For the case of a burst having an average phasedetermined to be in a “near wrap-around” zone, if the phase is withinthe range of 0 up to 180 degrees, the chevron cycle count is determinedto be the designated cycle count and the fractional measurement. If thephase is within the range of 180 up to 360 degrees, the chevron cyclecount is determined to be the designated cycle count and the fractionalmeasurement less one count. For the case of a burst who's average phasewas determined to be in a “safe” zone, the chevron cycle count is alwaysdetermined to be the designated cycle count at the designated wedge. Forexample, where the average phase of the zig-bursts 486 from one or moreservo wedges is measured as 110 degrees and the phase of the burst atthe designated wedge is 120 degrees, the chevron cycle count of theburst at that wedge is 1000.3333, while where the average phase of thezig-bursts 486 from one or more servo wedges is measured as 288 degrees,and the phase of zig-bursts 486 from the designated servo wedge ismeasured as 200 degrees, the chevron cycle count is 999.5555. Any numberof different schemes having any number of analysis steps and criteriacan be applied to determine the chevron cycle count at the marker-zoneedge. One of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate the myriaddifferent ways in which the chevron cycle count can be determined.

The marker-zone 590 can be positioned anywhere along the stroke. In oneembodiment, the marker-zone 590 can be positioned centrally along thestroke, bisecting the stroke and minimizing the maximum distance fromany location on the disk to the marker-zone 590, thereby improvingnominal recovery time where the head 146 slips chevron cycles. In theabove example, the marker-zone 590 define the radial position of chevroncycle 1000. A table of parameters, or a table of formulas forcalculating radial position can be applied to account for thesubstitution of zero-angle bursts 484 for zig-bursts 486. If thezero-angle bursts 484 begin at chevron cycle count 7500 and continueuntil chevron cycle count 9000, a formula determining the fine radialpositioning of the head 146 can rely on measurements of zag-bursts 488only.

Alternatively, the marker-zone 590 can be positioned near the ID at atransition between the use of zero-angle bursts and zig-bursts. In theexample given above, where the ID is 14 mm, zig-bursts 486 can beincorporated into the printed template pattern 380 at 15.75 mm from thecenter of the disk 120. In other embodiments, the marker-zone 590 can besized such that an outer marker-zone edge identifies the radial positionof a predefined chevron cycle count, and an inner marker-zone edgeidentifies a portion of the template pattern 380 having zero-anglebursts 484 in substitution of zig-bursts 486. In still otherembodiments, multiple pulses 484 can include one or more marker-zones590 such that at least one pulse 484 can define a chevron cycle countand at least one pulse can identify a portion of the template pattern380 having zero-angle bursts 484 in substitution of zig-burst 486.

In an alternative embodiment of a method in accordance with the presentinvention, zig-bursts 486 can incorporate chevron angle at the ID, butnot incorporate head skew angle. Varying the angle incorporated into thezig-bursts 486 between the ID and OD such that the zig-bursts 486incorporate chevron angle, but do not incorporate head skew at the IDcan permit an increase in the maximum allowable pattern frequencyaccording to the equation:${\%\quad{increase}} = {\frac{\cos\quad( \theta_{c} )}{\cos\quad( {\theta_{s} + \theta_{c}} )} - 1}$For example, if the head skew at the ID (θ_(s)) is 10 degrees and thechevron angle (θ_(c)) is 30 degrees, varying the zig-bursts 486 canpermit an increase in the maximum allowable pattern frequency of 13%.For template patterns where the chevrons are inverted, the zag-burst 488angle incorporates chevron angle while not incorporating head skew.

As described with regard to incorporating chevron angle along thestroke, head skew can be incorporated into the zig-bursts 486 along thestroke either gradually or abruptly, however with the expressionR_(ID)cos(θ_(c)) substituted for the numerator R_(ID)cos(θ_(s)) ineither equation given above. Further, as described above, the templatepattern 380 can incorporate pulses 484 as “zero-angle” bursts tosubstitute for zig-bursts 486 in measuring radial position. One ofordinary skill in the art can appreciate the different strategies andmethods for balancing and optimizing gain at the OD attributable tohigher frequency with a reduction of gain at the ID attributable toreduced or eliminated zig-bursts 486.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the presentinvention has been provided for the purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevantarts. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explainthe principles of the invention and its practical application, therebyenabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments and with various modifications that are suited tothe particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of theinvention be defined by the claims and their equivalence.

1. A method to self-servo write one or more surfaces in a data storagedevice having a rotatable medium, comprising: creating a templatepattern on a reference surface of said rotatable medium; connecting saidrotatable medium with a spindle; connecting the spindle with said datastorage device; connecting an actuator having one or more heads with thehard disk drive so that each of the one or more heads is positioned overa corresponding surface of said rotatable medium; reading the templatepattern with at least one of the one or more heads; and writing a servopattern on at least one of the surfaces of said rotatable medium basedon the template pattern; wherein the template pattern includes at leastone servo wedge having a first end and a second end, each servo wedgehaving: a plurality of pulses extending from the first end to the secondend; and a plurality of zig-bursts, each zig-burst forming an anglerelative to the plurality of pulses; and wherein the angle at the firstend is zero and the angle at the second end is a chevron angle.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the at least one servo wedge extends along atleast a portion of a stroke of the one or more heads; and wherein theangle varies along at least a portion of the stroke.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one servo wedge extends along at least aportion of a stroke of the one or more heads; and wherein the angleabruptly changes from zero to the chevron angle at a position along thestroke.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each servo wedge furthercomprises a plurality of zag-bursts, each zag-burst forming a negativechevron angle relative to the plurality of pulses.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said rotatable medium is a disk.
 6. The method of claim5, wherein the first end of the at least one servo wedge is at an innerdiameter of the disk.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the second endof the at least one servo wedge is at an outer diameter of the disk. 8.The method of claim 1, further comprising: connecting one or moreadditional rotatable media with the spindle, each of the one or moreadditional rotatable media having one or more surfaces; and writing aservo pattern on each surface of the one or more additional rotatablemedia based on the template pattern.
 9. A method to self-servo write oneor more surfaces in a data storage device having a rotatable medium,comprising: creating a template pattern on a reference surface of saidrotatable medium; connecting said rotatable medium with a spindle;connecting the spindle with said data storage device; connecting anactuator having one or more heads with the hard disk drive so that eachof the one or more heads is positioned over a corresponding surface ofsaid rotatable medium; reading the template pattern with at least one ofthe one or more heads; and writing a servo pattern on at least one ofthe surfaces of said rotatable medium based on the template pattern;wherein the template pattern includes at least one servo wedge having afirst end and a second end, each servo wedge having: a plurality ofpulses extending from the first end to the second end; and a pluralityof zag-bursts, each zag-burst forming an angle relative to the pluralityof pulses; and wherein the angle at the first end is zero and the angleat the second end is a chevron angle.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe at least one servo wedge extends along at least a portion of astroke of the one or more heads; and wherein the angle can vary along atleast a portion of the stroke.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the atleast one servo wedge extends along at least a portion of a stroke ofthe one or more heads; and wherein the angle abruptly changes from zeroto the chevron angle at a position along the stroke.
 12. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the template pattern further comprises a plurality ofzig-bursts, each zig-burst forming a negative chevron angle relative tothe plurality of pulses.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein saidrotatable medium is a disk.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thefirst end of the at least one servo wedge is at an inner diameter of thedisk.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the second end of the at leastone servo wedge is at an outer diameter of the disk.
 16. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising: connecting one or more additional rotatablemedia with the spindle, each of the one or more additional rotatablemedia having one or more surfaces; and writing a servo pattern on eachsurface of the one or more additional rotatable media based on thetemplate pattern.
 17. A method to self-servo write one or more surfacesof a disk for storing data in a hard disk drive, comprising: printing atemplate pattern on a reference surface of said disk; connecting saiddisk with a spindle; connecting the spindle with said hard disk drive;connecting a rotary actuator having one or more heads with said harddisk drive such that each of the one or more heads is positioned over acorresponding surface of the disk; reading the template pattern with atleast one of the one or more heads; and writing a servo pattern on atleast one of the surfaces of the disk based on the template pattern;wherein the template pattern includes at least one servo wedge having afirst end and a second end, each servo wedge having: a plurality ofpulses extending from the first end to the second end; and a pluralityof zig-bursts, each zig-burst forming an angle relative to the pluralityof pulses; and wherein the angle at the first end is zero and the angleat the second end is a chevron angle.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the at least one servo wedge extends along at least a portion ofa stroke of the one or more heads; and wherein the angle can vary alongat least a portion of the stroke.
 19. The method of claim 17, whereinthe at least one servo wedge extends along at least a portion of astroke of the one or more heads; and wherein the angle abruptly changesfrom zero to the chevron angle at a position along the stroke.
 20. Themethod of claim 17, wherein each servo wedge further comprises aplurality of zag-bursts, each zag-burst forming a negative chevron anglerelative to the plurality of pulses.
 21. The method of claim 17, whereinthe first end of the at least one servo wedge is at an inner diameter ofthe disk.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the second end of the atleast one servo wedge is at an outer diameter of the disk.
 23. Themethod of claim 17, further comprising: connecting one or more blankdisks with the spindle, each of the one or more blank disks having oneor more surfaces; and writing a servo pattern on each surface of the oneor more blank disks based on the template pattern.
 24. A method toself-servo write one or more surfaces of a disk for storing data in ahard disk drive, comprising: printing a template pattern on a referencesurface of said disk; connecting said disk with a spindle; connectingthe spindle with said hard disk drive; connecting a rotary actuatorhaving one or more heads with said hard disk drive such that each of theone or more heads is positioned over a corresponding surface of thedisk; reading the template pattern with at least one of the one or moreheads; and writing a servo pattern on at least one of the surfaces ofthe disk based on the template pattern; wherein the template patternincludes at least one servo wedge having a first end and a second end,each servo wedge having: a plurality of pulses extending from the firstend to the second end; and a plurality of zag-bursts, each zag-burstforming an angle relative to the plurality of pulses; and wherein theangle at the first end is zero and the angle at the second end is achevron angle.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the at least oneservo wedge extends along at least a portion of a stroke of the one ormore heads; and wherein the angle can vary along at least a portion ofthe stroke.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the template patternfurther comprises a plurality of zig-bursts, each zig-burst forming anegative chevron angle relative to the plurality of pulses.
 27. Themethod of claim 24, wherein the first end of the at least one servowedge is at an inner diameter of the disk.
 28. The method of claim 24,wherein the second end of the at least one servo wedge is at an outerdiameter of the disk.
 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising:connecting one or more blank disks with the spindle, each of the one ormore blank disks having one or more surfaces; and writing a servopattern on each surface of the one or more blank disks based on thetemplate pattern.
 30. A method to self-servo write one or more surfacesof a disk for storing data in a hard disk drive, comprising: printing atemplate pattern on a reference surface of said disk; connecting saiddisk with a spindle; connecting the spindle with said hard disk drive;connecting a rotary actuator having one or more heads with said harddisk drive such that each of the one or more heads is positioned over acorresponding surface of the disk, the one or more heads having a rangeof motion of a stroke; reading the template pattern with at least one ofthe one or more heads; and writing a servo pattern on at least one ofthe surfaces of the disk based on the template pattern; wherein thetemplate pattern includes at least one servo wedge, each servo wedgehaving: a plurality of pulses, each pulse extending from an innerdiameter of said disk along at least a portion of the stroke; and aplurality of zig-bursts; a plurality of zag-bursts; wherein each of oneof the plurality of zig-bursts and the plurality of zag-bursts forms avariable angle relative to the plurality of pulses; and wherein thevariable angle at the inner diameter is zero; and wherein the variableangle varies across at least a portion of the stroke.
 31. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the variable angle increases across at least a portionof the stroke starting from an inner diameter of said disk.
 32. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the variable angle increases from an innerdiameter according to the equation$\theta_{x} = {{\cos^{- 1}\lbrack {\frac{R_{ID}}{R_{x}}{\cos( \theta_{s} )}} \rbrack} - {\theta_{s}.}}$33. A method to manufacture a reference surface for self-servo writingone or more surfaces of one or more rotatable media in a data storagedevice, comprising: selecting a transfer medium having a templatepattern, the template pattern including at least one servo wedge havinga first end and a second end, each servo wedge having: a plurality ofpulses extending from the first end to the second end; and a pluralityof zig-bursts, each zig-burst forming an angle relative to the pluralityof pulses; and wherein the angle is zero at the first end and a chevronangle at the second end; and selecting a master disk having one or moresurfaces; transferring the template pattern to one of the one or moresurfaces of the master disk.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein theangle varies between the first end and the second end.
 35. The method ofclaim 33, wherein the transfer medium is a reticle.
 36. The method ofclaim 33, wherein the transfer medium is a die.
 37. The method of claim33, wherein the transfer medium is a disk.
 38. A method to manufacture areference surface for self-servo writing one or more surfaces of one ormore rotatable media in a data storage device, comprising: selecting atransfer medium having a template pattern, the template patternincluding at least one servo wedge having a first end and a second end,each servo wedge having: a plurality of pulses extending from the firstend to the second end; and a plurality of zag-bursts, each zag-burstforming an angle relative to the plurality of pulses; and wherein theangle is zero at the first end and a chevron angle at the second end;and selecting a master disk having one or more surfaces; transferringthe template pattern to one of the one or more surfaces of the masterdisk.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the angle varies between thefirst end and the second end.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein thetransfer medium is a reticle.
 41. The method of claim 38, wherein thetransfer medium is a die.
 42. The method of claim 38, wherein thetransfer medium is a disk.
 43. A method to manufacture a templatepattern, comprising: forming at least one servo wedge having a first endand a second end, each servo wedge having: a plurality of pulsesextending from the first end to the second end; and one or both of aplurality of zig-bursts and a plurality of zag-bursts; wherein each ofone of the zig-bursts and the zag-bursts forms an angle relative to theplurality of pulses; and wherein the angle is zero at the first end anda chevron angle at the second end.
 44. The method of claim 43, whereinthe angle varies between the first end and the second end.